The 30-Second Trick for College Term Paper Writing Service Online

<h1> The 30-Second Trick for College Term Paper Writing Service Online </h1> <h2>College Term Paper Writing Service Online - Is it a Scam? </h2> <p>At such crucial points in time you certainly scan for help anyplace on the internet, to get your paper finished quicker. You will get your paper in a few days (or even hours on the off chance that you need it very soon). Filling in a web structure will take you up to a quarter hour. Simply take a few minutes and in any event observe whether you can understand what I am letting you know on the most ideal approach to form extraordinary school papers. </p> <h2> The Advantages of College Term Paper Writing Service Online</h2> <p>Then you can do whatever you want. There's few organizations in the control of composing, yet most of them are not dependable as they produce composed errands that are counterfeited and contain an assortment of language and spelling botches. 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In case you're utilizing composing administrations online for the absolute first time and not certain how it functions, you may consistently contact our help operator who will help you through all the stages beginning with the buy arrangement directly until the last paper is conveyed to you. </p> <p>A great research paper help organization has gained notoriety for furnishing its clients with great fantastic research paper model assistance at sensible costs. Along these lines, you won't have to hold up until the whole paper is composed to take a gander at its quality. On the off chance that you should verify that the last work will be of excellent quality, you're free to bring a PRO Writer group to your buy, with the goal that one of our top journalists will complete the task for you. Along these lines, you may have confidence your research paper administration will be conveyed by methods for a professional. </p> <h2> College Term Paper Writing Service Online Can Be Fun for Everyone</h2> <p>You've been utilizing various administrations to secure the entirety of your examination and theory papers done. Research paper layout models are incredi bly precarious for most understudies since they are so protracted. How you develop your paper will rely upon what kind of research proposal you've presented. The examination paper will be sent to the email address you've just given. </p> <h2>College Term Paper Writing Service Online Ideas </h2> <p>In truth, it is by a long shot the most huge part look into paper composing. In the wake of presenting the structure it's conceivable to hold on and watch for your altered research article! An extraordinary research proposal is clear and explicit. 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Extended Essay Writing Workshop - Using the Best and Effective Penmanship Tutorial

<h1>Extended Essay Writing Workshop - Using the Best and Effective Penmanship Tutorial</h1><p>The Ur Extended Essay Writing Workshop is one of the most famous web based composing workshops on the web. It gives understudies the best and most excellent composing instrument that can assist with building up the composing ability of their understudies. Presently, the understudies can compose articles inside a range of three days.</p><p></p><p>The Ur Penmanship Tutorial was made by Grace Lieffers and follows the rules gave by her book The Penmanship Shortcut. This is the first in the arrangement. The first is composed by writer Grace Lieffers, an essayist and supervisor, most popular for her book to Go: A Few Essential Writing Tips.</p><p></p><p>There are some who will see the Extended Essay Writing Workshop as a simple to utilize framework and some will concur with the writers that it is truly outstanding and least demandin g composing methods on the web. Nonetheless, the inquiries ought to be whether the guidelines are extremely applicable to anyone.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous inquiries and remarks on the Extended Essay Writing Workshop yet the author can never know without a doubt whether they have truly perused the directions or not. The creator, Grace Lieffers has generally excellent knowledge on the framework, yet this can't supplant the references to the significant elements, nonetheless, most clients would concur that the guidelines gave are truly clear and straightforward. The Practical Essay Tips On Extraordinary People is the most well known piece that was composed for the Extended Essay Writing Workshop. This article is intended to carry light to the conversation that is so hard to be settled by perusing an essay.</p><p></p><p>It is proposed that individuals should utilize the Extended Essay Writing Workshop for an individual exposition, o n the off chance that they are the writers of short articles or genuine material. Composing of expositions requires a great deal of composing aptitudes so an individual ought to consider getting proficient assistance for this. The Ur Penmanship Tutorial, as referenced above, has been intended for paper composing, however it has been applied by numerous scholars who are likewise writers of essays.</p><p></p><p>Essay composing can be separated into two classifications - scholarly and innovative. This investigation of composing style is essential to know before proceeding with the article composing technique. There are such huge numbers of inquiries with regards to what the various sorts of paper will be. In the event that you discover this data hard to peruse, you can either go for a duplicate of the paper or look for the assistance of the other readers.</p><p></p><p>You should attempt to cause papers about subjects that you to have an e nthusiasm for. This is an extraordinary method to compose expositions that are fascinating to peruse. You can attempt to respond to the inquiries posed by the guide or different perusers and you will have the option to compose articles that will be simpler to read.</p>

Example Research Paper

<h1>Example Research Paper</h1><p>The model research paper can be utilized for setting up a scholastic article. It can likewise be utilized as a schoolwork task. A few understudies regularly prefer to utilize the model research paper as a planning, before setting up an exploration paper of their own.</p><p></p><p>The reason for a model research paper is to permit you to comprehend the point, through a model, and afterward you can expound on it. The examination paper will clarify the inquiry, the significant research results and what they mean. On the off chance that you can recognize the highlights of a subject, at that point it is workable for you to anticipate the result of the examination venture. You ought to have the option to introduce a decent argument.</p><p></p><p>In certainty, the fundamental reason for the examination paper is to enable the peruser to become familiar with the subject. Thusly, he/she can take the data, dissect it and in the long run think of his/her own thoughts regarding the matter. Consequently, the examination paper ought be an assortment of realities, yet additionally it ought to be a prologue to the point and you should realize what the conclusive outcome is.</p><p></p><p>For this explanation, you should locate a simple research paper that you can use as a training paper for setting up your own exploration paper. A model research paper can be found in a course accessible on the web. There is likewise a rundown of these models in any college library.</p><p></p><p>Before you begin composing your own exploration paper, you might need to make some troublesome memories with it so you can articulate your thoughts. At the point when you have composed the paper, at that point you can submit it for assessment. You may even need to revamp the paper at some point.</p><p></p><p>Writing is a certain somethi ng yet perusing is another. Indeed, on the off chance that you truly need to become familiar with the subject, you need to find out about it. That is the means by which individuals learn. In this way, as an educator, you can suggest the site that gives models on topics.</p><p></p><p>All you need is a PC, Internet association and an examination paper can be sent to you in a split second. You don't need to download any product or extraordinary projects to get an examination control for the exploration paper. It is as basic as opening an email and tapping on the link.</p><p></p><p>It is anything but difficult to track down free research paper models on the grounds that there are numerous sites that offer this administration. These locales offer connects to sources where you can discover free examination aides and data on picking the organization for the exploration paper. Some of them give recordings and printable paper formats that you c an use for your examination paper.</p>

Why College Is A Family Essay?

Why College Is A Family Essay?When writing a family essay, it is best to write about the past experiences of the author and this can be done using a personal essay. Here are some reasons why you should use a personal essay to explain your life experiences.Writing family essays is a very good way to demonstrate your knowledge about your family or your life experiences in a condensed manner. You can make use of the best resources on the internet like family history websites to tell your story or this can be read by reading books from the library or others you can obtain. The more you learn about your family the more your content will be based on what you have learned from these sources.Your use of various forms of the written word will help you to broaden your scope and make use of the most effective tools in educating yourself about the family. This will also help you build a bigger picture in explaining why college is a family essay.For one, you can look at your school life. No matte r how old you are, you have had many experiences that are etched in your memory. In order to better explain this, you should use family letters to tell about some of the events you experienced while you were attending school. These will show that you have an insight about the time you spent at school.Another good reason why college is a family essay is that you can utilize various sources to better educate yourself about the differences between your school life and your life today. You can share the specific names of some of the things you shared with your family and still remain true to the primary content of the essay. This way, you will be able to explain how life is different for different families because of the differences in the times they lived.Here are some other reasons college is a family essay. If you are considering going back to school, you can use the material you have used before as a reference. This way, you will be able to better understand your educational goals f or the future and you will be able to narrow down what you want to accomplish during your college career.Aside from the reasons listed above, the structure and format of your family essay is important. In order to make sure that you can deliver a clear and concise point, it is best to begin with an introduction and continue with the main argument by continuing with the thesis statement.These are some of the reasons college is a family essay. Use the resource you have and use your knowledge to inform your essay.

How to Start a Paragraph About Yourself

How to Start a Paragraph About YourselfIf you are thinking about how to start a paragraph about yourself, you are not alone. The Internet has taught us that there is no reason not to let the 'I' in 'I am' into our life. We no longer have to be silent on our phone and uninterested in who we choose to love and who we love to be.The real meaning of love lies in how we express our feelings, our likes and dislikes, our goals and dreams and even our fears and failures. When we learn how to start a paragraph about ourselves, the chances are that we will begin to express ourselves more confidently in all aspects of our lives. It is all in how we treat ourselves, our family, our friends and our career.One of the best ways to learn how to start a paragraph about yourself is to take up a personal trainer. Not only will this help you in physical fitness but it will also give you guidance on how to deal with self-esteem issues. The person who works as a personal trainer will help you set realisti c goals and will help you get rid of any negative self talk and self-evaluation that you may be carrying. These people work at their own pace and they are always available to help those who want to learn how to start a paragraph about themselves.Another option is to speak to a personal trainer online. There are so many options and that is just the tip of the iceberg. You can even get a private session where you get personalized feedback on your style of living and your expectations. The personal trainer will give you tips on how to start a paragraph about yourself that will help you succeed in all areas of your life.For the next few weeks I will give you a few tips on how to start a paragraph about yourself. One isto remember that everyone is different. This means that what works for one person may not work for another. This is because some people have a harder time accepting failure, whereas others may be more happy with an imperfection.The next important thing that you need to kno w is that when learning how to start a paragraph about yourself, the most important thing is consistency. If you have a particular goal in mind, make sure that you stick to it. If you want to lose weight, for example, try and eat a healthier diet.If you follow these tips, you will soon be able to learn how to start a paragraph about yourself and how to find success in everything that you do. You need to remember that life is the most important thing and you need to treat yourself like the most important thing. Just keep this in mind. Then you will no longer need to learn how to start a paragraph about yourself.

Technology Is Changing The Way We Live - 872 Words

Technology is changing the way we live as humans and it will continue to. It changes the way we understand our surroundings and how we interact as humans with one another. It influences our modern life in many ways and as it keeps advancing many are wondering if we can keep up. These effects are positive, negative or sometimes even both. Technology impacts everything, but it has a large impact on the future of the environment, education, our health and jobs. The future of technology is moving at an electric rate; it has our communities wondering if we can keep up. Technological advancements rapidly growing can leave society in a difficult place that could potentially destroy the world and leave us spinning with answers. We as a world have achieved a lot regarding technology and it will continue to shape the future. Regardless of the positives, negatives or what becomes of it, they are all part of the technological world and we have no choice, but to keep learning. Technology impacts the environment in many ways because they depend on each other, but most of the impacts are negative. The first impact are the dangers of pollution because the products used to produce Information Technology Equipment. Chowdhury and Shanmugan state â€Å"only two percent of the materials used in the production of personal computers become part of the products and the other 98 percent are dumped as wastes† (128). The second impact is the transportation of IT equipment will leave a significant amountShow MoreRelatedShould We Continue Use The Internet For Everything? Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesShould We Continue to Use the Internet for Everything? In our society today we use the internet for everything, from banking and grocery shopping to entertainment and communication. Some people believe that this is holding us back as a society and making us less intelligent as a whole. Technology is always being invented to better our lives and make them easier. The internet betters the lives of many people every day. Technology is not necessarily making us stupid or driving us apart; it is increasingRead MoreTechnology Is Changing The Way We Learn Essay883 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology is changing the way we learn because of immediate access to information from Internet. This has changed the way we live, work, play and it is challenging in the way we think. Technology has made the most complex problems simple in a matter of seconds. When I was a child, I would go to the library to do research for school projects, this is now a thing of the past. Advancements in technology have made it possible for children from all over the world have a vast amount of knowledge rightRead MoreIs Technology Has Changed Our Brains1443 Words   |  6 PagesDon’t Fret: Technology Has Changed Our Brains Humans are creatures of habit. We wake up at specific times to go about our days and then we sit down at our dining room tables to eat at specified times throughout the day, usually habitually. But, humanity hasn’t always been this algorithmic. It wasn’t until the advent of the mechanical clock that our lives began to mold around time. We changed. I would like to assume that we became more productive because of this change. However, humanity historicallyRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Lives910 Words   |  4 PagesIt is amazing how everyone’s life is changing by using technology. Technology by definition means, the branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied science, and pure science.(web). Now a days people use different kinds of technology that brings it to our life like cellphone, iPod, l aptop, mp3, and all of the devices create a convenientRead MoreThe Effects of Modernization1188 Words   |  5 Pagesreasons we change with it. I believe that we are a society of free thinkers who are hungry for knowledge. The smarter we become the more we will change the world around us for good or bad. The future of modernization is only limited by our imaginations. Modernization is the process of social changes that began in Europe with the start of the industrial revolution and spread to the United States. This put us on the path of social changes that transformed in to the modern society that we liveRead MoreAttention Deficit : The Brain Syndrome Of Our Era1019 Words   |  5 Pagesthe effect of technology on our brains. 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From desktops to IPhones, the world we live in today allows us to communicate with anybody with wireless access with just a couple clicks of a mouse. As civilization has evolved so has technology, from letters to phone calls to email, basic communication methods have consistently progressed into the complex system we have today. As we become more dependentRead MoreCell Phones And Its Effect On Our Lives934 Words   |  4 Pagesin our generation. This seems to be not a problem at moment, but with advancement of technology and new ways of meeting people digitally is seems people feel it’s appropriate to constantly be on their mobile devices without any consequences or surroundings. With Mobile device and other forms of wireless communication also effecting on distracting driving. The use of cell phones pose a risk for society in many ways involving cell phone conversation s and texting or instant messaging in car distract

Public Policy Environment free essay sample

CHAPTER II – ENVIRONMENT OF PUBLIC POLICY A. THE TOTAL SYSTEM: ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, SOCIAL, RELIGIOUS, CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL People of different political persuasions have varying ideas about the proper purpose of government. One way to evaluate the success of public policy is to examine the extent to which it increases the well-being of its citizens. But how is well-being defined? Should governments strive for equality of condition, i. e. to eliminate poverty and hunger? Or should governments strive for equality of opportunity, i. e. that all people have access to the tools they need to shape their own future? ECONOMIC POLICY According to Philip Gerson, â€Å"Past economic policies that hampered growth, and the resistance of powerful elites to much-needed reforms, were largely responsible for the high incidence and persistence of poverty in the Philippines. Recent policy changes have spurred growth, but additional reforms could accelerate the reduction of poverty. † The slow pace at which the Philippines has reduced poverty over time can be traced to economic policies that weakens growth, many of which have recently been abandoned, as well as to policies that have more directly achieved income inequality. For several years, the Philippine government tried to pursue economic policies that will help strengthen the economy. One of the policies introduced was the industrial policy that encouraged import substitution rather than promoting exports. Likewise, tariff reforms were introduced in 1991. However, trade policies heavily penalized the primary and agricultural sectors and benefited the manufacturing sector. In addition, the overvaluation of the Philippine peso during several periods between the 1950s and the 1980s contributed to declines in the prices of exports in peso terms and diverted resources away from agriculture and toward import-substituting manufacturing. In addition, incomes in the agricultural sector were depressed by heavy regulation. Beginning in the 1970s, price controls were imposed on rice and other products, and the importation of wheat and soybeans was monopolized. For instance, during the term of President Fidel V. Ramos, he introduced many economic reforms and initiatives to stimulate business growth and foreign investment. These measures, along with greater political stability, resulted in a period of higher growth rates. However, due to onset of the East Asian Financial Crisis in 1997, economic growth slowed and dropped to virtually zero in 1998. These reforms were continued with the administration of Pres. Joseph Estrada. His administration enacted laws to better regulate the banking system and securities markets, liberalize foreign participation in the retail trade sector, and promote and regulate electronic commerce. Expected growth and development did not materialize because Philippine Stock Exchange scandals, widespread corruption, and the Presidents impeachment for ties to illegal gambling and certain disreputable businessmen discouraged investment. On the other hand, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, formerly an economics professor at University of the Philippines, and her team have made considerable progress in restoring macroeconomic stability and an environment for growth. Recent performance has been strong, with the GNP growing annually at 5% or better for the last 5 years. 5, 6] Long-term growth, however, remains threatened by widespread poverty, severe under-spending on infrastructure, education systems, and social services, and remaining trade and investment barriers. It could be noted that the persistence of policies that have failed to stimulate growth owes much to the important role played by elites in Philippine politics and society. The Philippine government has introduced a numb er of reforms that have stimulated growth, and these should, in turn, help to alleviate poverty. It could achieve even more by eliminating remaining biases against agriculture and investing more in health and education, especially in rural areas. If the government is able to formulate economic policies that will promote growth, create jobs and create income for the people, then poverty and hunger can be lessened. It is inherent that the government plays vital role in the growth of the economy by enforcing economic policies such as controls on the production, marketing, and price stabilization fund that can either hurt or help the country in the process. SOCIAL POLICY According to Frank Riessman, â€Å"SOCIAL POLICY asks what is to be done to secure basic structural changes in American society. Its pages will provide a meeting ground — and battleground — where ideas, tactics and strategies for radical reconstruction of American institutions can be expressed and exchanged, tested and debated, expanded and deepened. † Social Policy seeks to inform and report on the work of labor and community organizers who build union and constituency-based groups, run campaigns, and build movements for social justice, economic equality, and democratic participation in the U. S. and around the world. Perhaps, in the Philippines, the arm of the government that implements much of its social policies is the Dept. of Social Welfare and Development or the DSWD. It is mandated to provide assistance to local government units, non-government organizations, other national government agencies, people’s organizations, and other members of civil society in effectively implementing programs, projects and services that will alleviate poverty and empower disadvantaged individuals, families and communities for an improved quality of life. Its mission is to provide social protection and promote the rights and welfare of the poor, vulnerable and the disadvantaged individuals, families and communities that will contribute to poverty alleviation and empowerment through social welfare development policies, programs, projects and services implemented with or through local government units (LGUs), non-government organizations (NGOs), people’s organizations (POs), other government organizations (GOs) and other members of civil society. POLITICAL RELIGIOUS POLICY Social science is packed with questions of how much of politics and religious matters should mix when it comes to determining public policies. Although the two seem separate and by law they must be, in modern Philippine political history is a witness to how much influence religious groups or movements have on some of the most urgent and important issues of the nation. One of the issues for instance is on population and development. Population control policy in the country has long been ineffective, unable to arrest the growth bears heavily on scarce economic resources; religious lobby is credited for demolishing some recommended actions of the government to fight the growing population, such as the use of artificial contraceptives, to limit the growth. Also, elections in the country is also increasingly becoming a competition between religious flocks, to see which ones could make or break the next government administration. Moreover, the issue on the death penalty law. Due to religious pressures and demands, upon assuming, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo issued a moratorium on executions. The two revolts at EDSA (1986 and 2001) against two administrations are the strongest proof so far that religious authority in the Philippines has become the peoples ally and refuge against bad governance. It is therefore not surprising that in the country today, Filipinos unconsciously look for cues from their religious leaders about how to regard politicians, their platforms, and their activities. The power of spiritual advice drawn from centuries of experience echoed in varying measures among different religious classes. Such influence, nonetheless, has sometimes made governing difficult and confusing at best and captive to the inefficient patron-client system at worst. CULTURAL POLICY Cultural Policy is the area of public policy-making that governs activities related to the arts and culture. Generally, this involves fostering processes, legal classifications and institutions which promote cultural diversity and accessibility, as well as enhancing and promulgating the artistic, ethnic, sociolinguistic, literary and other expressions of all people – especially those of indigenous or broadly-representative cultural heritage. On the other hand, the rubric cultural policy describes, in the aggregate, the values and principles which guide any social entity in cultural affairs. Applications of cultural policy-making at the nation-state level could include anything from providing community dance classes at little-to-no cost, to hosting corporate-sponsored art exhibitions, to establishing legal codes (such as the U. S. Internal Revenue Service’s 501(c)(3) tax designation for not-for-profit enterprises) and political institutions (such as the various ministries of culture and the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Endowment for the Arts in the United States). However, according to Kevin Mulcahy a leading cultural policy scholar -cultural policy encompasses a much broader array of activities than were addressed under arts policy. Whereas arts policy was effectively limited to addressing aesthetic concerns, the significance of the transformation to cultural policy can be observed in its demonstrable emphases on cultural identity, valorization of indigineity and analyses of historical dynamics (such as hegemony and colonialism). Cultural policies are most often made by governments, from school boards to Congress and the White House, but also by many other institutions in the private sector, from corporations to community organizations. Policies provide guideposts for those making decisions and taking actions which affect cultural life. Cultural policy is sometimes made explicitly, through a process defined by an agency charged with this responsibility. For instance, a ministry of culture or arts agency might draft a policy articulating its goals and operating principles in supporting theater companies in various regions. Very often, however and most often in the case of the United States cultural policy is not formally defined. Instead, what we have are the cultural effects sometimes unforeseen of social action. Today, most policy-makers havent made the paradigm shift that would bring culture fully to their consciousness. When government agencies in the industrialized world define cultural policy, for instance, they generally limit themselves to the most specialized expressions of culture: media and communications, the arts, education, and in some countries, sports. The measures taken to implement policy are quite varied. Grants to artists and institutions are common approaches, as are public service employment programs, building and maintaining cultural facilities, encouraging and financing historic preservation, and regulating the airwaves. A. INSIDE THE BUREAUCRACY: ITS RULES AND PROCEDURES AND PEOPLE’S BEHAVIOR Though the implementation of public policy is the most visible and obvious part of the policy making process for the bureaucracy, it is only one of several phases. Making public policy encompasses additional processes that stand outside of the three core functions of policy implementation (rule making, rule implementation and rule adjudication) discussed in the last section. To gain a fuller understanding of the role of the bureaucracy in the political system, we need to place the implementation of policy in a broader context. In most models, the policy-making process includes the following five steps, as this chapters diagram Policy Making and Policy Implementation illustrates: 1. Agenda setting 2. Policy formulation . Policy adoption 4. Policy implementation 5. Policy evaluation We reflexively view implementation as the core function of the bureaucracy. Regulatory agencies inspect workplace safety or automobile emissions, for instance, while other types of departments or agencies develop programs to provide public services to the citizens of Texas, including social services, education, highways, etc. So the first question that might arise fro m this model is: why is the bureaucracy engaged in the agenda setting, adoption, evaluation and review of public policies? Isnt that why we have a legislature? While the legislature is charged with making all laws or statutes, the bureaucracy usually must take the general enabling legislation created by the legislature and build real programs and administrative rules for implementing corresponding public policy. When the enabling legislation deals with regulation (e. g. , regulating environmental quality or building standards), the bureaucracys authority to develop programs and rules is critical to carrying out the letter and the spirit of the law. But bureaucracies inevitably become involved in actual policy making as they develop experience, accumulate information, and gain expertise on matters of public policy. This experience enters not only the policy implementation process, but also the process of review, assessment, and revision. Any organization, whether public or private, must evaluate and revise its policies and programs in order to continue to thrive, or at least survive. This can happen on a variety of different levels, from individual evaluation and revision of how best to execute a specific task or job, to agency-wide evaluation. Whatever the combination of types and frequency of formal and informal evaluation and revision, the policy process that begins with proposed ideas and ends with revisions becomes a series of cycles over time. The policy process starts with new ideas, but once policies are implemented, subsequent policy cycles occur as revisions of earlier policies. Many policy proposals and the processes they spawn, consequently, are revisions of earlier policies. Though the state health bureaucracy emerged from the 2003 proposals in a new form, most of the new policies and programs were revisions to previous policy and program initiatives that were well established within the states public policy system. BUREAUCRATS AS PUBLIC POLICY-MAKERS AND THEIR SELF-INTERESTS That public bureaucrats, like most other people, might pursue their private interests as voters, job applicants and union members is hardly surprising. It is the postulate that bureaucrats self-interested behavior penetrates their role as public decision-makers that represents a challenge, empirical-theoretically as well as normatively. To assess the assumption that bureaucrats self-interests affect bureaucrats decisions in their capacity as officials (the self-interest hypothesis), two main points are made. First, the probability that self-interests are conceived and made operational in different issue areas is considered. Second, it is argued that the explanatory power of bureaucrats self-interests has to depend on characteristics of the self-interest phenomenon itself, for instance whether it is dealt with as a variable or a constant. Moreover, it has to depend on the relative importance of other explanations. But direct democracy in terms of policy making is only one part of the governance picture. We mentioned that among the many complaints people have of present governments is that they are too bureaucratic. OK, so how will direct democracy be administered? I think the answer is, by direct bureaucracy! First of all, let me review what I believe to be the present functions—and dysfunctionsof bureaucracies now: 1. A mechanism of control by the ruler over the ruled . A day-to-day way to see that the ruled behave as rulers want them to. 2. A form of power. For the bureaucrats own sake vis-a-vis, for example, the legislature or even other bureaucrats, and vis-a-vis the military (another, but more powerful, bureaucracy, to be sure). 3. An advocate for some constituent group (For example, tobacco farmers). If you and your group have a bureaucrat concerned about you in the administration, then you have an advocate for your interests vs. the interests of other individuals and groups. If you do not have such a bureaucrat/advocate, you very well may be voiceless, or at least routinely voiceless (you will have to shout a lot to be heard! , when it comes to policy making and implementation. 4. A government of laws and not of men . The theory of modern administration, captured by that slogan, is that policy should be carried out in a routine, rational, fair, and predictable manner by people recruited and trained to be fair, rational and objective. The notion is that bureaucracy is, or should be, nonpolitical. And so the bureaucrat can and should always say, Im sorry, maam, but Im just doing my job. Im just carrying out the rules. I dont make them. 5. A job. Bureaucracy is also merely a job for someone. Jobs in the bureaucracy may be the best jobs around in the Third World, attracting the very best persons; or they may just be safe, secure, routine jobs in the First World, attracting the second or third bestpeople not even fit to be teachers, they are so incompetent! BUREAUCRACIES AS IMPLEMENTORS As policymakers, bureaucrats play three key roles: they are policy implementors; they administer public policy; and they are regulators. Policy implementation occurs when the bureaucracy carries out decisions of Congress, the president, and even the courts. Public policies are rarely elf-executing: bureaucrats translate legislative policy goals into programs. Policy implementation does not always work well, and bureaucrats usually take the blame when it does not. Reasons why implementation may break down include faulty program design, lack of clarity in the laws bureaucrats administer, lack of resources, the following of standard operating procedures, administrative discretion, and dispersa l of policy responsibility among several units of the bureaucracy (i. e. , fragmentation). Administrative discretion is the authority of administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem. Discretion is greatest when rules do not fit a case; but even in agencies with elaborate rules and regulations-especially when more than one rule fits-there is still room for discretion. Michael Lipsky coined the phrase street-level bureaucrats to refer to those bureaucrats who are in constant contact with the public and have considerable discretion (including police officers, welfare workers, and lower court judges). Implementation can be effective if goals are clear and the means to achieve the goals are unambiguous. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 illustrates a program that was successfully implemented because its goal was clear: to register African Americans to vote in southern counties where their voting rights had been denied for years. The means to achieve the goals were also clear: the act singled out six states in the Deep South in which the number of African American registered voters was minuscule. The Justice Department was ordered to send federal registrars to each county in those states to register qualified voters. Implementation of this act helped bring the vote to some 300,000 African Americans in less than a year. BUREAUCRACIES AS REGULATORS Government regulation is the use of governmental authority to control or change some practice in the private sector. This is the most controversial role of the bureaucracies, yet Congress gives them broad mandates to regulate activates as diverse as interest rates, the location of nuclear power plants, and food additives. Most agencies charged with regulation first have to develop a set of rules (often called guidelines); guidelines are developed in consultation with (and sometimes with the agreement of) the people or industries being regulated. The agency must then apply and enforce its rules and guidelines, either in court or through its own administrative procedures. Almost every regulatory policy was created to achieve some desirable social goal. Charles L. Schultze (chairman of President Carters Council of Economic Advisors) is a critic of the current state of federal regulation, which he described as command-and-control policy: the government tells business how to reach certain goals, checks that these commands are followed, and punishes offenders. Schultze prefers an incentive system. Defenders of the command-and-control system of regulation compare it to preventive medicine; it is designed to minimize problems such as pollution or workplace accidents before they become too severe. The idea behind deregulation, the lifting of government restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities is, that the number and complexity of regulatory policies have made regulation too complicated and burdensome. To critics, the problem with regulation is that it raises prices, distorts market forces, and worst of all it does not work. Not everyone, however, believes that deregulation is in the nations best interest. Many regulations have proved beneficial to Americans. As a result of government regulations, we breathe cleaner air, we have lower levels of lead in our blood, miners are safer at work, seacoasts have been preserved, and children are more likely to survive infancy. WHAT DO BUREAUCRATS DO? Most people think that bureaucrats only follow orders. Of course, anyone who works in the executive branch is there to implement decisions, but the reality of their work is more complicated. The power of the bureaucracy depends on how much discretionary authority they have. Congress passes laws, but they cannot follow through on all the little decisions that have to be made as laws are translated into action. Bureaucrats, then, may make policies and choose actions that are not spelled out in advance by laws. Their main function is to do the nuts and bolts of executing policies that are made by Congress, the president, and the Supreme Court. IMPLEMENTATION Most policies do not implement themselves. After the President signs a bill into law, the bureaucracy must implement it. Bureaucrats develop procedures and rules for implementing policy goals, and they manage the routines of government, such as delivering mail and collecting taxes. Usually Congress announces the goals of a policy, sets up a broad administrative apparatus, and leaves the task of working out details to the bureaucracy. The implementers take a policy handed down to them from Congress, the president, or the Court, and actually put it into effect, with real consequences for real people. Implementation involves more power in the policymaking process than is readily apparent. During this stage, many key decisions are made. Congress often passes ambiguous legislation, or the supporters of a bill that is passed into law get involved with other bills and lose contact with laws passed on to the executive branch. By the very nature of the compromise that passed the bill into law in Congress, it often sets general goals and passes the responsibility for interpretation on to the bureaucrats. As a result, the bureaucracy is given latitude in translating general guidelines into specific directives. REGULATION The function of regulation of private sector activities has developed over the course of the twentieth century. The earlier function of service (the Post Office, benefits to veterans, agriculture) dominated the bureaucracy until the early twentieth century Progressive Movement, when the government began to regulate businesses. As regulators, agencies first receive a grant of power from Congress to sketch out the means of executing broad policy decisions. Next, the agency develops a set of guidelines to govern an industry, usually in consultation with people who work in those industries. Next, the agency must apply and enforce its rules and guidelines, often through its own administrative procedures, but sometimes in court. Sometimes it reacts to complaints, and other times it sends inspectors out to the field. Regulation may be executed by requiring applicants to acquire a permit or license to operate under their guidelines and Congressional policies. HOW DOES BILL BECOMES A LAW BEGINNING OF A BILL An idea for a bill may come from anybody, however only Members of Congress can introduce a bill in Congress. Bills can be introduced at any time the House is in session. A bills type must be determined. A private bill affects a specific person or organization rather than the population at large. A public bill is one that affects the general public. The Member or the Bill Drafting Division of the Reference and Research Bureau prepares and drafts the bill upon the Members request. PROPOSAL OF A BILL After the idea for a bill is developed and the text of the bill is written, a Member of Congress must officially introduce the bill in Congress by becoming the bills sponsor. Representatives usually sponsor bills that are important to them and their constituents. Representatives who sponsor bills will try to gain support for them, in hopes that they will become laws. Two or more sponsors for the same bill are called co-sponsors. The bill is filed with the Bills and Index Service and the same is numbered and reproduced. Three days after its filing, the same is included in the Order of Business for First Reading. On First Reading, the Secretary General reads the title and number of the bill. The Speaker refers the bill to the appropriate Committee/s. COMMITTEE ACTION The bill is placed on the committees calendar. The Committee where the bill was referred to evaluates it to determine the necessity of conducting public hearings. If the Committee finds it necessary to conduct public hearings, it schedules the time thereof, issues, public notices and invites resource persons from the public and private sectors, the academe and experts on the proposed legislation. If the Committee finds that no public hearing is not needed, it schedules the bill for Committee discussion/s. Based on the result of the public hearings or Committee discussions, the Committee may introduce amendments, consolidate bills on the same subject matter, or propose a substitute bill. It then prepares the corresponding committee report. The Committee approves the Committee Report and formally transmits the same to the Plenary Affairs Bureau. SECOND READING The Committee Report is registered and numbered by the Bills and Index Service. It is included in the Order of Business and referred to the Committee on Rules. The Committee on Rules schedules the bill for consideration on Second Reading. On Second Reading, the Secretary General reads the number, title and text of the bill and the following takes place: a. Period of Sponsorship and Debate b. Period of Amendments c. Voting which may be by: i. viva voce ii. count by tellers iii. division of the House; or iv. ominal voting THIRD READING The amendments, if any, are engrossed and printed copies of the bill are reproduced for Third Reading. The engrossed bill is included in the Calendar of Bills for Third Reading and copies of the same are distributed to all the Members three days before its Third Reading. On Third Reading, the Secretary General reads only the number an d title of the bill. A roll call or nominal voting is called and a Member, if he desires, is given three minutes to explain his vote. No amendment on the bill is allowed at this stage. a. The bill is approved by an affirmative vote of a majority of the Members present. . If the bill is disapproved, the same is transmitted to the Archives. THE BILL IS REFERRED TO THE SENATE If a majority of the House votes to pass the bill, the bill is then referred to the Senate to undergo a similar process of approval. SENATE ACTION ON APPROVED BILL OF THE HOUSE When a bill passes in the House, it must also pass in the Senate in order to become a law. The two houses of Congress make up the bicameral legislature, part of a system of checks and balances that ensures that laws are created democratically. In the Senate, the bill again may be sent to a committee for study or markup. Members may choose to ignore the bill and continue to work on their own legislation. Members may vote to pass or not to pass the bill. If the bill passes with different language, it must be sent for review to a conference committee. CONFERENCE COMMITTEE A Conference Committee is constituted and is composed of Members from each House of Congress to settle, reconcile or thresh out differences or disagreements on any provision of the bill. The conferees are not limited to reconciling the differences in the bill but may introduce new provisions relevant to the subject matter or may report out an entirely new bill on the subject. The Conference Committee prepares a report to be signed by all the conferees and the Chairman. The Conference Committee Report is submitted for consideration/approval of both Houses. No amendment is allowed. THE BILL IS SENT TO THE PRESIDENT When a bill passes in the House and Senate and is sent to the President for a signature, it is said to be enrolled. Copies of the bill, signed by the Senate President and the Speaker of the House of Representatives and certified by both the Secretary of the Senate and the Secretary General of the House, are transmitted to the President. PRESIDENTIAL ACTION ON THE BILL The President can take one of several possible actions: o The president may take no action. If Congress is in session, the bill automatically becomes law after ten days. o A pocket veto occurs when the president takes no action and Congress has adjourned its session. In this case, the bill dies and does not become a law. o The president may decide that the bill is unwise or unnecessary and veto the bill. o The president may sign the bill, and the bill becomes law. THE BILL BECOMES A LAW If the President signs the bill, or takes no action while Congress is in session, then the bill becomes a law. The same is assigned an RA number and transmitted to the House where it originated. ACTION ON APPROVED BILL The bill is reproduced and copies are sent to the Official Gasette Office for publication and distribution to the implementing agencies. It is then included in the annual compilation of Acts and Resolutions. THE BILL IS VETOED If the President decides a bill is unwise or unnecessary, the President does not sign the bill, but issues an official statement of objections to the bill called a veto. The same, together with a message citing the reason for the veto, is transmitted to the House where the bill originated. ACTION ON THE VETOED BILL The message is included in the Order of Business. If the Congress decides to override the veto, the House and the Senate shall proceed separately to reconsider the bill or the vetoed items of the bill. If the bill or its vetoed items is passed by a vote of two-thirds of the Members of each House, such bill or items shall become a law. If the House and Senate do not override the veto, the bill dies and does not become a law. EXECUTIVE POLICY MAKING: CABINET, NEDA, LEDAC, DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS The Executive Branch is headed by the President, who is elected by a direct vote of the people. As head of the Executive Department, the President is the Chief of Executive. He represents the government as a whole and sees to it that all laws are enforced by the officials and employees of his department. He has control over the department, bureaus and offices. This means that he has the authority to assume discretion of its officials. Corrollary to the power of control, the President also has the duty of supervising the enforcement of laws for the maintenance of general peace and public order. Thus, he is granted administrative power over bureaus and offices under his control to enable him to discharge his duties effectively. In Philippines politics, the Executive Departments of the Philippines also known as the â€Å"Cabinet† is the largest component of the national executive branch of the government of the Philippines. There are a total of nineteen executive departments and the Cabinet secretaries tasked are to advise the President on different affairs of the state. The departments comprise the largest part of the country’s bureaucracy. Similarly, Indonesia just like the Philippines, is a republic with presidential system and has a unitary state, power is concentrated in the central government. In the same way that the Philippine President is the head of the state, commander in Chief of the Armed forces of the Philippines, the Indonesian President also acts as the head of state, commander-in-chief of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, and the director of domestic governance, policy-making, and foreign affairs. In the same manner that Cabinet Secretaries of Philippines are appointed by the President, the Indonesian President likewise appoints a council of ministers, who are not required to be elected members of the legislature. The Cabinet secretaries are tasked to advise the President on different affairs of the state like agriculture, budget, finance, education, social welfare, national defense, foreign affairs and etc. The following are the list of Departments headed by Cabinet Secretaries Appointed by the Philippine President: LIST OF CURRENT DEPARTMENTS: (CABINET) 1. Department of Agrarian Reform 2. Department of Agriculture 3. Department of Budget and Management 4. Department of Education 5. Department of Energy 6. Department of Environment and Natural Resources 7. Department of Finance 8. Department of Foreign Affairs 9. Department of Health 10. Department of Interior and Local Government 11. Department of Justice 12. Department of Labor and Employment 13. Department of National Defense 14. Department of Public Works and Highways 15. Department of Science and Technology 16. Department of Social Welfare and Development 17. Department of Tourism 18. Department of Trade and Industry 19. Department of Transportation and Communications WHAT IS LEDAC? The Legislative Executive Development Advisory Council (LEDAC) was created under Republic Act 7640 as an advisory and consultative body to the President and the Legislature on various socioeconomic issues and concerns to ensure consistency in coordinating executive and legislative development planning and budgeting. The Council is composed of 20 members with the President as Chairman and the following members: †¢ Vice President †¢ President of the Senate †¢ Speaker of the House of Representatives †¢ Seven Cabinet Members †¢ Three Senators †¢ Three Congressmen †¢ The National President of the League of Provinces †¢ A Representative of the Youth Sector †¢ A Representative of the Private Sector For better cooperation, the Council expanded its membership by inviting all cabinet members and selected senators and congressmen to attend the weekly meetings of the Council. LEDAC ORGANIZATION The activities of LEDAC are overseen by an executive committee whose membership also comes from the various executive and legislative offices. The committee is headed by the Secretary of Economic Planning. The LEDAC Task Force to Prioritize the Common Legislative Agenda (CLA) is a committee composed of members from the executive and legislative offices. It is chaired by the Executive Secretary and includes both the majority and minority floor leaders of both houses of Congress. The committee monitors the CLA and discuss/resolve issues involving passage or prioritization of legislative measures included in the CLA. The day to day operation of the LEDAC is undertaken by the LEDAC Secretariat which is composed of career specialists from the different disciplines such as economics, business, ecology, development administration, law, and inform action technology. The LEDAC Secretariats principal responsibility is the hosting of weekly meetings between the President and his cabinet and legislators from the two houses of Congress. It is managed by an executive director. THE COMMON LEGISLATIVE AGENDA The Common Legislative Agenda (CLA) is a listing of bills from both houses of Congress that have been certified as priority measures by the President. These bills are submitted by cabinet members for input to the State of the Nation Address (SONA) of the President on the opening of Congress each year. The bills mentioned by the President in his SONA address are then adopted by the Task Force to Prioritize the Common Legislative Agenda for inclusion in the CLA. The status of the bills included in the CLA is regularly monitored and reported on the weekly LEDAC meeting between the President and his cabinet and the LEDAC members from both houses of Congress. During the course of the weekly LEDAC meeting, some bills may be identified as urgently requiring enactment in which case, the President may instruct the Chairman of the LEDAC Executive Committee to have the bills included in the CLA. Some cabinet members or members of the Legislature may on their own initiative request the President to have any legislative measure included in the CLA. If the President approves, he may then instruct the LEDAC Task Force on the Common Legislative Agenda to include the bill in the CLA. From then on, the status of these bills will be included in the CLA report presented at the weekly LEDAC meeting. Once a bill is enacted into law by both houses of Congress, it is automatically stricken off the CLA. THE PRESIDENTIAL LEGISLATIVE AGENDA The Presidential Legislative Agenda is a list of priority bills of the executive branch of government. It is a purely executive branch initiative and the two legislative houses are not involved in its preparation. The list is being pushed and monitored by the Presidential Legislative Liaison Office (PLLO). LEDAC is involved in its preparation by serving as secretariat for the yearly conduct of the cabinet clusters workshop to come up with the PLA. The result of the cabinet workshop is included as the Presidents Legislative Agenda in the yearly State of the Nation Address of the President. COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITIES Occasional meetings among the Executive Secretary, the Senate President and the House Speaker serves to further LEDAC functions and objectives. To compensate for fewer LEDAC meetings, The LEDAC Secretariat has embarked on a series of collaborative activities with other agencies or private sector group to further its goal of closer and stronger executive-legislative cooperation. Under a Memorandum of Agreement with the Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), LEDAC has committed to undertake jointly with PIDS a series of activities involving conduct of research and discussion forum and sharing of policy notes on current legislative issues as well as establishing information linkages between the two agencies. THE NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) is the Philippine’s social and economic development planning and policy coordinating body. As mandated by the Philippine Constitution, it is the country’s independent economic development and planning agency. It is headed by the President as the Chairman of the NEDA Board, with the Secretary of Socio-Economic Planning, concurrently NEDA Director- General, as Vice-Chairman. Several cabinet members, the Central Bank Governor, ARMM and ULAP are likewise members of NEDA Board. The powers and functions of the NEDA reside in the NEDA Board. It is the country’s premier social economic development planning and policy coordinating body. The Board is composed of the President as Chairman, the Secretary of Socio Economic Planning and NEDA Director-General as Vice-Chairman, and the following as members: the Executive Secretary and the Secretaries of Finance, Trade and Industry, Agriculture, Environment and Natural Resources, Public Works and Highways, Budget Management, Labor and Employment, and Interior and Local Government. Pursuant to Sec. of EO 230, empowering the President to modify the membership of the Board whenever deemed necessary, the following members have been added: the Secretaries of Health, Foreign Affairs, and Agrarian Reform (per Memorandum Order No. 235 dated 19 May 1989); and the Secretary of Transportation and Communications (per Memorandum Order No. 321 dated 26 September 1990). In addition, the Secretary of Energy (per R. A. Mo. 7638) , approved December 9, 1992) and the Deputy Governor of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (per Section 124 of RA 7653 approved June 14, 1993) have been added as members of the NEDA Board. The following are the six cabinet-level interagency committees that assist the NEDA Board in the performance of its functions, namely: 1. DEVELOPMENT BUDGET COORDINATION COMMITTEE (DBCC) The DBCC is composed of the Sec. of Budget and Management, as Chairman; the Director-General of the NEDA Secretariat, as co-chairman; and the Executive Secretary, Secretary of Finance and the Governor of the Central Bank of the Philippines, as members. The DBCC recommends to the President the level of annual government expenditures and the ceiling of government spending for economic and social development, national defense, and government debt service; proper allocation of expenditures for each development activity between current operating expenditures and capital outlays; and amount set to be allocated for capital outlays broken down into the various capital or infrastructure projects . INFRASTRUCTURE COMMITTEE (INFRACOM) The InfraCom is composed of the Director-General of the NEDA Secretariat, as chairman; Secretary of Public Works and Highways, as co-chairman; and the Executive Secretary and Secretaries of Transportation and Communications, Finance and Budget and Management as members. The InfraCom advises the President and the NEDA Board on matters concerning infrastructure development, including highways, airports, seaports, and shore protection; railways; power generation, transmission and distribution; telecommunications; irrigation, flood control and drainage, water supply and sanitation; national buildings for government offices; hospitals and related buildings; state colleges and universities, elementary and secondary school buildings; and other public works; coordinates the activities of the agencies, including government-owned or controlled corporations involved in infrastructure development; and recommends to the President government policies, programs and projects concerning infrastructure developments consistent with national development objectives and priorities. 3. INVESTMENT COORDINATION COMMITTEE (ICC) The ICC consists of the Secretary of Finance, as chairman; the NEDA Director-General, as co-chairman; and the Executive Secretary, the Secretaries of Agriculture, Trade and Industry, Budget and Management and the Governor of the Central Bank of the Philippines, as members. The ICC evaluates the fiscal, monetary and balance of payments implications and foreign borrowings of major national projects, and recommends to the President the timetable of their implementation on a regular basis; advises the President on matters related to the domestic and foreign borrowings program; and submits a status of fiscal, monetary and balance of payments implications of major national projects. 4. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE (SDC) The Committee is composed of the Secretary of Labor and Employment, as chairman; the Director-General NEDA Secretariat as co-chairman; and the Executive Secretary, and the Secretaries of Education, Culture and Sports, Health, Interior and Local Government, Agrarian Reform, Agriculture, Social Welfare and Development, and Budget and Management, as members. The SDC advises the President and the NEDA Board on matters concerning social development, including education, manpower, health and nutrition, population and family planning, housing, human settlements, and the delivery of other social services; coordinates the activities of government agencies concerned with social development; and recommends appropriate policies, programs and projects consistent with the national development objectives. 5. COMMITTEE ON TARIFF AND RELATED MATTERS (CTRM) The CTRM is composed of the Secretary of Trade and Industry, as chairman, with the Director-General of the NEDA, as co-chairman. Its members are the Executive Secretary, the Secretaries of Foreign Affairs, Agriculture, Transportation and Communications, Environment and Natural Resources, Budget and Management, and Finance, the Governor of the Central Bank, and the Chairman of Tariff Commission. The CTRM Advises the President and the NEDA Board on Tariff and related matters and on the effects on the country of various international developments; It coordinates agency positions and recommends national positions for international economic negotiations; and recommends to the President a continuous rationalizations program for the country’s tariff structure. 6. REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE (RDCom) The RDCom was created by virtue of EO 257 issued on 15 December 2003. It is composed of the NEDA Director-General, as Chair. Its members are the Secretaries of the Dept. of Budget and Management and the Interior and Local Government, RDC Chair or Co-chair each coming from Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao and four regional development expert from the private sector and academe. The RDCom formulates and monitors the implementation of policies that reduce regional growth disparities, and promote rational allocation of resources among regions; serve as clearing house for the regional development policy/programs proposals which impact on two or more regions; directs the formulation and review guidelines for the regional allocation of agency budgetary resources; and periodically reviews the viability of the regional configuration of the country and recommend to the President the redelineation of regions, as may be necessary; and periodically reviews the composition, structure and operating mechanism of the Regional Development Councils and recommend to the President changes as may be necessary. The NEDA Board Executive Committee was created under Memorandum Order No. 2 (dated 26 July 1994), the NEDA Board Executive Committee resolves policy issues requiring NEDA Board discussion and decision are immediately acted upon. The NEDA Board ExCom is composed of the Exe cutive Secretary as Chairman; the Secretary of Socio-Economic Planning and NEDA Director-General as Co-Chairman; Chairpersons of the Development Budget Coordination Committee, Investment Coordination Committee, Committee on Tariff and Related Matters, Social Development Committee; Co-chairperson of the Infrastructure Committee; and the Governor of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. The NEDA Secretariat serves as the research and technical support arm of the NEDA Board. It also provides technical staff support and assistance, including the conduct of studies and formulation of policy measures and other recommendations on the various aspects of development planning and policy formulation, and coordination, evaluation and monitoring of plan implementation. The NEDA Secretariat is headed by the Director-General who carries the rank and title of Secretary of Socio-Economic Planning and Development and who exercise general supervision and control over the technical and administrative personnel of the Secretariat. The 3 major offices comprising the NEDA Secretariat, and the bureau-level staffs under each are as follows: †¢ National Development Office Provides technical staff support to NEDA Board in coordination formulation of national and sectoral policies, plans and programs. It also monitors macroeconomic and sectoral performance, prepares the necessary economic reports, and conducts economic and development studies on macrolevel plans and policies; †¢ Regional Development Office – Provides technical staff support as may be required by the implementing agencies in the regions. It also monitors regional and interregional development policies; plans and programs; prepares integrated reports on regional planning; and conducts studies on regional development policies. †¢ Central Support Office – Provides the NEDA Secretariat technical assistance and support services in the areas of development administration, internal management improvement, legal services, development nformation, and administrative services. Six government agencies are attached to the NEDA for purposes of administrative supervision. These are: †¢ Tariff Commission (TC) †¢ Philippine National Volunteer Service Coordinating Agency (PNVSCA) †¢ National St atistical Coordination Board (NSCB) †¢ National Statistics Office (NSO) and †¢ Statistical Research and Training Center (SRTC) †¢ Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) is attached to the NEDA for policy and program coordination or integration. B. THE BIG â€Å"P† POLICY VS. THE SMALL â€Å"p†: ISSUE OF POLICY ACCOUNTABILITY Policy – Statement of goals and intentions with respect to a particular problem or set of problems. On the other hand, Black’s Law Dictionary defines public policy as â€Å"principles and standards regarded by the legislature or by the courts as being of fundamental concern to the state and the whole of society. † The definition derives from a very old principle that â€Å"a person should not be allowed to do anything that would tend to injure the public at large. † Public policies are long lasting. They outlive individuals’ terms in office and frequently they outlive entire governments. They are put in place by people we have elected or appointed to office and therefore to whom we have given our authority. However, not all public policies survive or last for a long period of time. One classic example is the â€Å"Filipino-First Policy† implemented during the term of then President Carlos P. Garcia. His administration was known for its Filipino First policy, which put the interests of the Filipino people above those of foreigners and of the ruling party. This policy heavily favored the Filipino businessmen over the foreign investors. If this policy was implemented, adopted, sustained and supported not only by the government but the Filipino citizens as well, it could help alleviate and uplift the present situation not only of our economy but the whole society as well. Many public policies affect us as citizens. Yet, some decisions that affect you in significant ways are not made in the forum where your voice has the most weight. Some are policies that can be implemented at the local level: others are policies that may or may not be influenced from the local level. Still others are policies that we might believe are appropriately decided at the local level, but where decision-making authority has been taken away from local government. Public policies in other contexts might be mission statements. They are sometimes lofty ideas that may or may not be achieved in a single generation. They may also be ideals that define a society. Some examples that define our society: â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. †Ã‚   (Amendment 1 to the U. S. Constitution) The best long-term deterrent to terrorism – obviously – is the spread of our principles of freedom, democracy, the rule of law, and respect for human life. The more that spreads around the globe, the safer we will all be. These are very powerful ideas and once they gain a foothold, they cannot be stopped. (Mayor Rudolph Giuliani to United Nations, October 1, 2001)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Once public policies are accepted and leaders move to implement them, they tend to generate public issues. For instance, with the recent deluge experienced by the Philippines after it was hit by typhoon â€Å"Ondoy† where it heavily flooded the areas of Marikina, Rizal, Laguna and other neighboring towns. What action should the government take? What public policies should be adopted and implemented? Or are there existing public policies, rules and regulations, or laws such as the Republic Act 9003 (known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000) which the proper authorities have failed to implement? Or is it the fault of the people around these flood-stricken areas for not taking good care of mother earth and not practicing the proper disposal of waste? Surely, there are policies or laws that govern the proper management and waste disposal. One of these is the RA 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. Sec. 2 of RA 9003 states that, â€Å"Declaration of Policies. It is hereby declared the policy of the State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program which shall: (a)Ensure the rotection of public health and environment; (b) Utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources and encourage resources conservation and recovery; (c) Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source reduction and waste minimization measures, including composing, recycling, re-use, recovery, green charcoal process, and others, before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate and environmentally-sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with ecologically sustainable development principles. (d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practices in ecological waste management excluding incineration; (e) Promote national research and development programs for improved solid waste management and resource conservation techniques, more effective institutional arrangement and indigenous and improved methods of waste reduction, collection, separation and recovery. f)Encourage greater private sector participation in solid waste management; (g) Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid waste management with local government units while establishing a cooperative effort among the national government, other local government units, non-government organizations, and the private sector; (h) Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste generators through the application of market-based instruments; (I)Institutionalize public participation in the development and implementation of national and local integrated, comprehensive and ecological waste management programs; and (j) Strengthen the integration of ecological solid waste management and resource conservation and recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal education in order to promote environmental awareness and action among the citizenry. Another public issue that arose of this calamity is should the government prevent the informal settlers dwelling around the esteros and rivers that clogs the natural flow of waterways? Should the authorities be able to help address the continuing problem of the country on garbage disposal? Policy issues may hold the start of their own resolution. Investigation and open discussion may discover those solutions! Obviously, there are so many issues that must be addressed by the government and it might take a while before these concerns and issues can be fully addressed. Public policy is an attempt by the government to address a public issue. The government, whether it is city, state, or federal, develops public policy in terms of laws, regulations, decisions, and actions. There are three parts to public policy-making: problems, players, and the policy. The problem is the issue that needs to be addressed. The player is the individual or group that is influential in forming a plan to address the problem in question. Policy is the finalized course of action decided upon by the government. In most cases, policies are widely open to interpretation by non-governmental players, including those in the private sector. Public policy is also made by leaders of religious and cultural institutions. Academics continue to contemplate the definition of public policy, since there is currently no consensus. The study of public policy began in 1922, when Charles Merriam, a political scientist, sought to build a link between political theory and its application to reality. Numerous issues are addressed by public policy, including crime, education, foreign policy, health, and social welfare. In 1993, due to ineffective healthcare policies, the Clinton administration sought to implement a policy that would bring about a national healthcare system. As part of the policies being considered, the US federal government would protect the healthcare consumer’s rights, consumers would be able to form alliances to obtain better healthcare prices, and caregivers would be required to provide fair healthcare packages. Players involved in the policy-making process included lobbying groups and politicians. While some changes were made to healthcare provisions by legislators, the policies advocated by the Clinton administration were not put into effect as result of political differences. The rational model for the public policy-making process can be divided into three parts: agenda-setting, option-formulation, and implementation. Within the agenda-setting stage, the agencies and government officials meet to discuss the problem at hand. In the second stage, option-formulation, alternative solutions are considered and final decisions are made regarding the best policy. Consequently, the decided policy is implemented in the final stage. Implied within this model is the fact that the needs of the society are a priority for the players involved in the policy-making process. Also, it is believed that the government will follow through on all decisions made by the final policy. Unfortunately, those who frame the issue to be addressed by policy often exert an enormous amount of influence over the entire process through their personalities, personal interests, political affiliations, and so on. The bias is extenuated by the players involved. The final outcome of the process, as well as its implementation, is therefore not as effective as that which could result from a purely rational process. Overall, however, public policy continues to be vital in addressing social concerns. References : Public Purposes and Public Responsibilities by Patrick M. Callan Public Administration an Action Orientation, Robert B. Denhardt and Janet Denhardt, 5th Edition, 2006 Thomson Wadsworth http://www. livinginthephilippines. com/philippines_citizenship_act_9003 http://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/1998/09/gerson. htm Philip Gerson, 1998, Poverty, Income Distribution, and Economic Policy in the Philippines, IMF Working Paper 98/20 (Washington: International Monetary Fund). http://philippines. suite101. com/article. cfm/erratic_philippine_economic_growth#ixzz0TVshd3Yx Editorial in Social Policy #1, May/June 1970, Frank Riessman, Founding Editor http://www. wwcd. org/policy/policy. html#DEF